1948506C8,1948506C8
1948506C8
1948506C8
Flash-ADC內(nèi)含一列并聯(lián)比較器,一列由電阻分壓器產(chǎn)生的電平作為相應(yīng)的比較器的基準(zhǔn)電壓。被轉(zhuǎn)換的模擬電壓信號(hào)同時(shí)加到全部比較器上,各比較器的輸出經(jīng)編碼后作為ADC的輸出,如圖2.12所示。
一個(gè)分辨率為N(bit)的Flash-ADC含有2N個(gè)精密電阻,2N?1個(gè)高速比較器;分辨率每增加1bit,需要增加2N個(gè)精密電阻和2N個(gè)高速比較器,這會(huì)大大增加集成的復(fù)雜度和器件功耗。因此一般Flash-ADC的分辨率無法達(dá)到很高。
串狀DAC是實(shí)現(xiàn)Flash-ADC的逆操作,因使用電阻串來構(gòu)造參考電壓而得名,在有的書中也被稱為開爾文分配器。串狀DAC依靠待轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)據(jù)來控制一組開關(guān),以產(chǎn)生合適的電流通過精密電阻,從而產(chǎn)生合適的模擬信號(hào)電壓。
并行結(jié)構(gòu)只需要一級(jí)模擬電路,因此具有設(shè)計(jì)簡單,轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間短,速度快的優(yōu)點(diǎn),在所有可能的結(jié)構(gòu)中提供快的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換。在分辨率要求較低的情況下,F(xiàn)lash-ADC和串狀DAC兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都容易采用超大規(guī)模集成電路(VLSI)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。然而,由于比較器(或開關(guān))和精密電阻的數(shù)量隨著轉(zhuǎn)換器的分辨率呈指數(shù)增長,F(xiàn)lash-ADC和串狀DAC的芯片面積和功耗也隨之呈指數(shù)增長。
分段結(jié)構(gòu)
分段結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換器的思想是把輸入信號(hào)分成MSB和LSB兩個(gè)分量,之后兩個(gè)分量通過各自所對應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換器進(jìn)行處理,后將處理的結(jié)果組合起來形成輸出信號(hào)。其中MSB分量反映了輸入信號(hào)相對較大的幅度增量,而LSB反映了在MSB上所疊加的較小的幅度變化。對于數(shù)字信號(hào)而言,MSB代表了高位比特,而LSB代表了低位比特。
而軟件無線電所生成的數(shù)字信號(hào)也需要變換成模擬信號(hào)才能進(jìn)行射頻放大輸出。這一切都是通過A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器(ADC)和D/A轉(zhuǎn)換器(DAC)來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
與傳統(tǒng)無線電不同,軟件無線電要求盡可能地以數(shù)字形式處理無線信號(hào),因此必須將A/D和D/A轉(zhuǎn)換器盡可能地向天線端推移,這就對A/D和D/A轉(zhuǎn)換器的性能提出了更高的要求。主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面。
(1)采樣速率。依據(jù)采樣定理,A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器的抽樣頻率應(yīng)大于(為被采樣信號(hào)的帶寬)。在實(shí)際中,由于A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器件的非線性、量化噪聲、失真及接收機(jī)噪聲等因素的影響,一般選取。
(2)分辨率。采樣值的位數(shù)的選取需要滿足一定的動(dòng)態(tài)范圍及數(shù)字部分處理精度的要求,一般分辨率80dB的動(dòng)態(tài)范圍要求下不能低于12位。
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